Peckture Test-1

Peckture Test Uno

• Exploration-Reasons for:

1. Expand territory

2. Raw materials

3. Freedom of religion

4. Convert others to religion

5. Win glory and wealth

6. Interest in European ways-due to crusades

7. Seeking a trade route to the Orient

8. Curiosity

• Exploration-Leaders of:

1. Cortes

2. Da Gama

3. Balboa

4. Cabot

5. Cartier

6. Champlain

7. Ponce de Leon

• Prince Henry The Navigator: Naval leader for the Portugese-never actually made a voyage. United people to study navigations. His sailors made important discoveries and formed the foundation of the Portuguese empire.
• Da Gama: Portuguese explorer who was the first to reach India by going around the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa).
• Balboa: 1st European to reach the Pacific Ocean. He claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain.
• Papal Line of Demarcation: Spain sought to obtain ownership of New World-Pope divided the world between Spain and Portugal. West of the line = Spanish territory East of the line = Portuguese territory
• Influence of European Protestant Reformation: Encouraged and led to the formation of other religious groups: Puritans, Separatist-groups that became modern day religions.
• French Canada: Established lands North of English colonies (around St. Lawrence R.). French settled in small numbers-and formed good relations with Indians.
• Cartier: Led 3 expeditions for France up the St. Lawrence R.-believing to have found the Northwest Passage. He claimed Montreal for the French.
• Champlain: Established the first trading post in Quebec.
• New France's Economy: Prosperous because of lucrative trade in furs.
• Jamestown: 1st permanent English settlement in North America. Settled by Virginia Company of London. It was unstable until the discovery that tobacco could be grown in the region.
• Plymouth: Established for Separatists (Pilgrims). They sailed in on the Mayflower-which is the namesake of the Mayflower Compact.
• Massachusetts Bay Colony: Colony was set-up by Puritans who wanted to be separated from the Anglican church. Led by John Winthrop. Considered the most successful colony due to never having to endure the typical first year "starving time".
• Roanoke: 1st attempt by English to set up North American colony. Established by Sir Walter Raleigh. The entire colony mysteriously disappeared.
• House of Burgesses: 1st representative assembly in the colonies-assembled in 1619 in Virginia.
• Maryland: Settled by Lord Baltimore. Established as a haven for Catholics-proprietary colony. Maryland was actually settled by more Protestants than Catholics. Therefore, they had some major toleration of religion, fo sho.
• Mayflower Compact: Document written by Separatists (Like I said before, Pilgrims)-from Plymouth. This created a government based on the consent of the governed.
• Puritan Calvinism: Branch of Protestantism based on John Calvin's belief. Specifically, the belief in predestination.
• Roger Williams & Rhode Island (Cool name for a band?): Roger Williams was a Puritan preacher in Massachusetts. He disagreed with the Puritan way, so he was "asked" to leave. He established Rhode Island (Providence). He bought the land from the Indians, and he upheld his tradition of religious toleration.
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: Written in 1639, this was the first [written] Constitution in America-provided representative government.
• Penn & Pennsylvania (Hit single for cool band^): Quakers! Founded by William Penn-established as a refuge for Quakers-who believed every person had a "inner light" which allowed direct communication with God! They placed little importance on the Bible, and were strict Pacifists. They believed in being religiously tolerant. They practiced representative assembly and gave generous land grants.
• Mercantilism: Country exports more than it imports-creating a balance of trade. This was abused by Great Britain with the American colonies.
• Navigation Acts: Laws passed by England. Goods from America could only be shipped to Great Britain (GB). Nothing could be imported to America without first going to GB.
• Great Awakening: Movement to reestablish religious fever in colonists. Moving focus from wealth-and back to God. Movement led by Jonathon Edwards & George Whitfield-they held several camp meetings, just saying.
• Spain's Florida Colony: Spanish founded Saint Augustine in 1565-in response to Europeans trying to start colonies in North America. First permanent settlement in North America...!
• Other Colonies (Specific much?): Spanish had colonies in Mexico, NM, AZ, CA, FL, and much of the Southern parts of North America/South America.
• England Colonial Policy: Pre-1763-before the end of the French-Indian War (FIW)-there were laws and acts meant to bring revenue to the British-though they were loosely enforced. Such laws: Navigation Acts, Iron Acts, Molasses Acts, Wool Act
• Wars for the Empire: England vs. France-battles for North American land-most famous of which is the French and Indian War, also the War for Spanish Secession.
• England-vs-France Advantages: The English had more colonists living here, so larger army. The French has a smaller population, but had better relations with Indians-leading to an alliance.
• French-Indian War: In America, this war lasted from 1754-1763. In England, it is referred to as the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). The FIW saw the British establish dominance in North America. Resulting in France losing all their territory in America.
• Deism: Religious philosophy of the 1700's based on reason and the idea of Natural Law. They believed Go was the creator, but He let the Earth exist by its own decisions.
• Proclamation of 1763: This was issued by England and stated that the American Colonists could not settled West of the Appalachian Mtns. This was a policy adopted after the FIW, in order to establish good relations with Indians.
• Enlightenment: The belief of this movement is was that answers could be found through reason. This movement did not believe a whole lot in faith. Led by John Locke.
• Causes of Revolution & Center of the movement: Center = Boston, Mass. Causes = Boston Massacre, Tea Party, Tea Act, Intolerable Acts, Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Paine's "Common Sense", first shot fired at Lexington
• Jefferson: Main writer of the Declaration or Independence. He was a lover of state's rights. 3rd US President.
• Washington: You really need to know this? Wow. He was the 1st President...You really should know. I kid, sorta, kinda, not really. He presided over the Constitutional Convention and was a member of the Continental Congress.
• Madison: He was also a member of the Continental Congress. 4th President of the U.S.
• Adams: Strong Federalist-he believed in Central Government-2nd President of the U.S. The only Federalist to ever serve.
• Hamilton: Strong Central Government lover. He was one of the main writers of the Federalist papers. He became the 1st Secretary of the Treasury. (Then Aaron Burr dueled him to the death, wiggity wack.)
• Federalists: Those who supported the Constitution and wanted a strong National Government. Leaders: John Adams and Hamilton
• Anti-Federalists/Democratic-Republicans: They opposed the Constitution and believe the states should have more power than National Government. They were promised the Bill of Rights, in order to ratify the Constitution
• Articles of Confederation (AOC)...and Weaknesses, there's a lot: 1st Const. in U.S.-it had a very weak National Government. Weaknesses: government could not raise an army, levy taxes, conduct trade-and it was very hard to amend or make a law under the articles.
• Northwest Ordinance: One of the most important legislation under the AOC. It provided a Bill of Rights for settlers-and forbade slavery in the territory (NW).
• Thomas Paine: "Common Sense"-Called for immediate independence from Great Britain.
• Treaty of Paris-1763-ended the FIW. Britain gained all of Canada, and all land East of the Miss. R. France lost all land in North America.
• Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson bought much of the area West of the Miss. R. Napoleon needed money for his wars with Europe. This (cheap) purchase doubled this size of the U.S..
• Lewis and Clark: Jefferson organized an expedition led by Lewis and Clark. They followed the Missouri R. all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
• Alien and Sedition Acts: Passed by Adams-Alien Act lengthened the time for immigrants wanting to obtain citizenship. The Sedition Act prohibited people from talking about Adams in a negative way.
• War of 1812: Hartford Convention: The War of 1812 was fought between Americans and British, duh. The Indians assisted the British, therefore many battles ended with no winner. The most famous battle was the Battle of New Orleans-led by Jackson. Hartford Convention: Formed in opposition to the War of 1812 and was composed of mainly New Englanders. They threatened secession.
• Marbury vs. Madison: A product of Adam's midnight judges. Madison was supposed to be Justice of the Peace. This case set up JUDICIAL REVIEW. (Caps? Must be..important?)
• Monroe Doctrine: Mess with America, we'll mess your face up. -Monroe. Written in response to the Congress of Vienna-in order to smash any fears that Europeans would attempt to reestablish their colonies in the US.
• Missouri Compromise: A compromise of 1820, which established Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. This also said that all states above Missouri were to be free states.
• Trail of Tears: Jackson enforced the movement. All Cherokees were to be moved from their homes East of the Mississippi to West of the Miss.-Namely, Oklahoma (OOOOOklahoma)
• The Marshall Court: John Marshall-chief justice. It increased power of Judicial Branch with acts like: Judiciary Act of 1789
• Henry Clay: The Great Compromiser-Proposed Missouri Compromise
• John C. Calhoun: Jackson's VP-Lover of state's rights. He introduced state nullification of tariffs/laws.
• John QUINCY Adams: 6th President-Lover of State's rights-won election of 1824 due to Clay's vote. Jackson called "foul!".
• Jackson: Not Heather, 7th President. Lover of state's rights. "Common Man's President"-2 Party System was developed under him.
• Reformers: Dix (mentally ill), Douglass (abolitionist), Stanton (Feminist), Mott (Feminist), Stowe (Abolitionist), Garrison (abolitionist)
• Emerson: "Nature", "Self-Reliance"-Essayist-Transcendentalist