WW1

Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. “The Bad Guys”
Allied Powers- Russia, France, United Kingdom, United States, Italy, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Portugal. “The Good Guys”
Morgan Loans- Private loans by J.P. Morgan Jr. to Russia and France during WW1.
U-Boats- Germany’s submarines. Very dangerous boats that patrolled and blockaded the British Isles. Sunk many US ships(merchant and luxury), also sunk british liners like the Lusitania. A big reason the Us entered the War.
Lusitania- British cruise ship with Americans on board. Germans though it was carrying ammunition and weapons, so U-Boats sank it. Killed over 1,000 civilians including appx 100 americans.
German Pledges- *Sussex- Passenger ships would not be targeted;Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship;Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew. *Arabic-Would only sink ships if they didn’t evade and stated that Germany would warn non-military ships 30 minutes before they sank them to make sure the passengers and crew got out safely.
Gore- Mclemore Resolution- The Gore-McLemore Resolution would've made it illegal for Americans to travel on ships with contraband, but was never enacted
Peace Without Victory- Wilson’s saying that promoted an armistice between the Central and Allied powers, bad idea, after 4 years of war allies said “screw that”. Would not have allowed territorial gain or an official defeat of the Central powers.
Zimmerman Telegraph- From German Empire to Mexico. Intercepted by UK, said that germany would back Mexico if they would attack The us for the gain of the lost territories(TX, NM, AZ). US declared war soon after this was publish in US papers. Germany wanted the US preoccupied with a war other that the Great European war.
John J. ”Black Jack” Pershing- Following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany in 1917, Pershing - now a General - was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF). Pershing personally led the successful Meuse-Argonne offensive of 1918.
Herbert Hoover- Appointed by Wilson to be the director of the Food Administration during the war. The lead of Belgian relief effort. Civilian, promoted volunteer efforts for the war(Meatless mondays, Wheat less Wednesdays, Victory gardens, etc,) to increase the amount of food available to be sent to the american front. Resulted in never having to ration american food supplies in the war.
Committee on Public Information(CPI)- Promoted war though anti kaiser,german,etc movies, posters and brochures. Headed by George Creel. Propaganda. Led to passing of the Espionage and Sedition acts. Helped mobilized economy(freedom loans, donations, etc)
George Creel- Led the CPI. Responsible for major support of the war.
Espionage Act-Fined or put people in jail for spying, obstructing the draft, or actively working against the war effort.
Trading with the Enemy Act- forbid trade with the allies of Germany, also limited inter county communication. Used for trying to “starve the enemy” of knowledge and supplies.
Sedition Act- Made anti-war remarks and actions punishable by law, Eugene Debs and other socialists were jailed due to this.
US V Schenck-decision that upheld the Espionage Act and concluded that a defendant did not have a 1st amed. right to Freedom of speech against the draft during during WW1 Ultimately, the case established the clear and present danger test.
AEF- American expeditionary force, were the US armed forces sent to Europe in World War I. During WWI the AEF fought in France alongside British and French allied forces in the last year of the war, against Central Powers. The AEF helped the French Army on the western front. Also fought in American battles (belleau wood, argone, etc)
369th Regiment- Black regiment that fought under french command, one of the first groups to brach the western front, extremely decorated, no one ever surrender in the group.
Needham Roberts and Henry Johnson- Black soldiers that were given france’s highest military honor, fought in the 369th?.
Leon Trotsky-Exposed the secret treaties of the allies(UK, Russia, Italy, France) Said they they wanted territorial gains from the war. Led to one of Wilson’s 14 points.
Bolsheviks- Russian communist party, yelled peach, bread, and land, hijacked the democratic russian revolution
The Secret Treaties- a treaty between nations that is not revealed to other nations or interested observers. An example would be a secret alliance between two nations to support each other in the event of war. The opposing nations would be unaware of the treaty and therefore unable to add it to their calculations, which could obviously result in a difficult situation for the party that declared war when they are suddenly confronted with the troops of two or even three nations. Secret treaties were common before the WW1, and many blamed them for helping spark that conflict. When Italy entered the war, they signed a secret treaty in order to eventually gain land from Austria after the war. Russia, UK, and France signed secret treaties to also gain land after the war.
Wilson’s 14 Points- 1-5-Freedom of the Seas, Free Trade, Open Treaties, Openness. Reduction of Arms, No wars for Empire
6-13-All were about Self-determination, let the natives choose who governs them
14- The League of Nations would be formed to attain lasting peace and Freedom.
League of Nations- Wilson’s 14th point, meant to create lasting world peace, every nation would be a member, to prevent war, and protest the best interests of all people. The US never joined due to issues in Congress. The League was abandoned and led to the Creation of the United Nations.
The Big Four- The four most powerful and prominent Allied powers at the mediation of the Treaty of Versailles. The United Kingdom, The United States, France, and Italy.
The Versailles Treaty- The treaty that ended WW1, Not much territorial gain, stripped the Kaiser of his power, did not secure a german defeat, left the door open for WW2.
The Mandate system- a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following WW1, or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League. These were of the nature of both a treaty and constitution which contained minorities right clauses that provided for the right of petition and adjudication by the International Court.
Article 10-







30.Causes of War- Franz Ferdinand being assassinated, Russia wanted to protect the slovs, Germany is stupid, France wanted to regain their territory, etc
Key battles- Marne 1- Happened because the Schifflen plan was not followed. Happened miles from Paris, France drove Germany back, Race to the Sea began, trenches we beginning to be built.
Battle of Ypres 2- 1st time chemical warfare was used, british colonials were killed by chlorine gas
Verdun-No purpose, Feb-Dec 1916,1 million casualties, no lines changed,
Somme-to take pressure off verdun, June- Dec 1916, 1.2 million casualties,
Jutlan-Germany V British navies, largest naval battle in history, no clear victor, Germany retreats
Brusilovi- Eastern front, russia breaks into germany, hundreds of thousands surrender
3rd Ypres- Passiondale, took 1 year to make ammo for 10 days of artillery barrage,
Cambry-France used tanks, germans counter attacked with infultration. Germans surrendered massively to france
St. Migele- 1st all american offensive
Battle of Argonne Forest- Last and bigggest, and bloodiest american battle